Global environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Worldwide condition - Research Paper Example Over the time, the rise in the populace rate declined the normal repositories. At the end of the day, the common assets are going under extraordinary weight with its huge use by the populace that is making a danger to the wellbeing of the whole populace of the world. Additionally, it is likewise making an admonition sign for the social and monetary advancement also. This is because of the explanation that normal stores have gone under utilization to the greatest level during the time spent creation as the occupants essentially depend on these assets the most, therefore, definitely affecting the earth on a worldwide premise. â€Å"However, one of the head and driving difficulties that the planet Earth and its whole human race is experiencing while at the same time crossing the limit into the twenty first century is the all inclusive ecological contamination and the climatic variety that goes under union to it. What's more, this worldwide condition wears and tears are in a continuation procedure, which has gotten one of the preeminent and central worries in the today’s life†. The idea that general society are misusing the nature and the assets so as to meet the current needs offers ascend to the inquiry that are the individuals of this world disintegrating the common assets that is one of the significant requirements for the future also. As per studies and investigates, it has gone to a perception the creating nations with an aim to improve the expectations for everyday comforts of the ordinary citizens, these economies are using the normal assets all the more quickly and in a much quickened pace than they are reestablishing or redeveloping these assets. As a result of it, these creating countries are making a changeless and irremediable harm to the common assets. Besides, with doing an intolerable development and extension for the normal assets, the mankind is urging and offering ascend to the biological debacles that add to disintegrate nature on a suffering premise. Water deficiencies, soil fatigue, air and water contamination, absence of forestland and trees, and debasement of coastlines are not many of the occurrences that are the main contributing variables that may severely influence various areas and locale of the world. The records and confirmations unveil the snippet of data that the twentieth century was the age that saw an unrest that came about in the odd and peculiar ecological disturbance. The human animals and their activities and doings are the boss and remarkable causes that activated such natural choppiness. Notwithstanding, the worldwide condition h as significantly influenced the lives of the individuals as well as the other living animals, for example, marine life, plants, creatures and numerous different kinds of species. In addition, these natural hazard and danger grasp move in normal temperature and the climate, debilitating of the ozone layer, biological change, urbanization and

English Short Story on Belonging

It was Raoul, and I wanted for him to leave. He thumped again then stuck his head around the entryway. ‘How right? ’ he asked with concern. Outrage conquered me. ‘For god’s sakes, they can’t send me away on account of a cerebral pain. However, in the event that you think I look dubious why don’t you report me yourself, all things considered, you become their attendant increasingly more each day,’ I countered, gazing him down. He withered, ‘Keep your voice down, individuals outside may hear’, he shut the entryway behind him and stepped in the room. I attempted to drive myself to be quiet. Would could it be that you need? ’ I asked him briskly. I realized I was over responding however I didn’t care, he was the one in particular who I could take my indignation out on, however by seeing his obscuring articulation I could see it was getting progressively risky to do as such. I had a propensity for pushing the indivi duals who attempted to draw near to me away. It began as a mishap however now I just for the most part didn’t need to converse with individuals, I stayed away from them however much as could be expected. ‘Maybe you don’t care about being taken yet I do, alert is the main thing that has guarded us up to this point. Pass to you,’ he included. ‘A cerebral pain is nothing, however you realize how easily overlooked details are dramatically overemphasized. It is a short advance from a murmur of tattle to being sent to the government’s supposed â€Å"refuge†. ’ ‘You have been made a supervisor’, I said straight and now his face flushed. A look of pride blended in with disgrace went over his face. ‘How could you’, I asked, hurt. I realize that we had never been close since being taken however he was as yet my sibling, yet for reasons unknown I couldn’t force myself to disclose to him that I loved him in my own specific manner. He more likely than not expected that I needed nothing to do with him. He raised his clench hand and shook it in my face, ‘you won't ruin this for me, you might be my sister yet it is my commitment to this office to upbraid you. ’ ‘You wouldn’t dare reprove me. ’ I said. ‘Your own destiny would be destroyed in the event that it was referred to that you had a psycho as your sister, they would drag you to the â€Å"refuge† alongside me. So don’t imagine you care for me. ’ A look of abhor ignored his face before he turned and took off of my room. At the point when he had gone I was as yet loaded up with pressure. We used to be so close when we were more youthful, a devoted child and I the meandering little girl, cherished beyond a reasonable doubt by our folks. In any case, that was totally decimated when the legislature took my mom to the â€Å"refuge† and my dad had followed to save her yet he never got back home. At that point seven days after my folks vanished, a man in a suit came, looking immensely significant with his cap and portfolio. My sibling just opened the front way to give him access since he had data in regards to our folks. He disclosed to us that they were taken by the administration for opposing the framework and that we could never observe them again. Furthermore, that my sibling and I were to be taken to an administration establishment for vagrants like us. I was just 8 years of age at that point. Raoul was 12. This was obviously where we were currently, having no real option except to go with the resolute glancing specialist in his firm dull suit. Inside the office was a school and industrial facility. We vagrants were made to mass produce protests the legislature required. My mom was blamed for, by one of her dear companions, being an individual with exceptional capacities, much like a witch. In any case, they were mental capacities which enabled her to understand considerations and feelings. In any case, I, obscure to anybody however my sibling, had acquired her capacities and the sky is the limit from there. I could Put musings into the brains of others and make them follow up on it, just as having the option to understand considerations and feelings. These capacities just came to me as of late, precisely after I turned 16 three months prior and soon I was to be tried again by the examining machines, which tried any for any potential signs these capacities showing. I had as of late been experiencing significant migraines, rendering me silly and stationary, and it was these that were making me be under doubt. In this establishment, it was hazardous to be seen conversing with others since dear companionships were not permitted. Despite the fact that it wasn’t difficult for me to abstain from making companions, I avoided making companions, favoring not to free myself up to another but instead keeping everything contained inside. Quite not long after I showed up here, the others discovered that I needed nothing to do with anybody so I was left to myself. I once heard a young lady remark on my absence of social aptitudes, the other young lady she addressed recently said that it was thought I experienced serious despondency. A straightforward hi could be considered as framing a collusion between the kids that may prompt future difficulty. In this spot, doubt resembled a physical plague. Not that I experienced any difficulty abstaining from conversing with others; I maintained a strategic distance from it however much as could reasonably be expected, always being unable to appreciate connecting like ordinary individuals, unfit to convey my emotions and wants through physical touch or talk. I asked an educator for what valid reason we were here once and he let me know basically that we vagrants didn’t have a place with ordinary individuals on account of who and what our amilies had been. Furthermore, that if we somehow happened to leave the organization, society would avoid us or imagine that we didn't exist. I thought back to the occasions when I was inhabiting home, I had a couple of companions, relatively few because of my timidity, however we did everything together, meandered the town, wandered the zones and messing around each opportunity we could. Considering them now, they most likely wouldn’t recollect me and if I somehow managed to appear one day in my old home, they presumably wouldn’t welcome me heartily or by any stretch of the imagination. In all probability I would be maintained a strategic distance from like a terrible stench. That reality alone is one reason I loathe making companions, distancing myself from them on the grounds that I’m frightened of being harmed. The teachers thought my cerebral pains were an aftereffect of working with risky substances, and when I shouted out in the night in torment, they found out about it from the whisperers, those of us vagrants who enlightened the educators regarding anything dubious to give them a decent name. They had been asking me dubious inquiries and I new it wouldn't have been long until they connected the migraines to my psychological capacities as these were known indications. Also, presently I needed to stress over my sibling hauling me along to these educators himself! I knew it wouldn’t be well before I was found and sent away to the â€Å"refuge†, another administration office explicitly intended to house individuals like me. Yet, everybody realized that the name is empty, that there is no shelter yet existing in its place is a test inquire about prison for the anomalous individuals like me. The administration needed to make sense of us and use us to further their own potential benefit. Not just because did I feel cold and alone, knowing there was nobody who I could trust my concerns or fears as well, nobody who could comfort me or give me support, nobody that could get me. I simply needed to have a place with a person or thing. Surrendered to my destiny, gradually, recollecting better days in my folks adoring arms, I quietly cried myself into rest. I woke up to my bedcovers being generally pulled off. Supposedly from the murkiness, it was a long time before 6am when I needed to wake up and prepare for the afternoon. Somebody turned on the light and I was blinded by its abrupt splendor. My eyes acclimated to the light as I squinted away rest. Two educators and my sibling were remaining close to my bed. ‘Get up, you are to be taken to the testing room,’ said the teacher nearest to the entryway. I took a gander at my sibling questioningly yet he wouldn’t meet my eye. I wasn’t frightened like I figured I would be as I strolled shoeless down the virus uncovered passageway, I felt numb, similar to every one of my faculties and feelings were closed away into a container inside my brain. I attempted to detect considerations or sentiments of the three going with me however I just got a comparable deadness regarding what I was encountering. Maybe they had done this sort of thing so often that they were invulnerable to any considerations about it. We halted before the entryway prompting the room, I had been in this room various occasions, similar to the various vagrants in the region, and it was unaltered from my past visits. The splendid brutally lit white-walled room comprised of a plain engineered seat with a little square table holding a PC. I was lead through a glass entryway to one side of the work area, into another segment that contained the CT scanner machine. The CT scanner was what might check my mind searching for unusually working brainwaves. The chief generally snatched my arm, agonizingly lashing it. After which he infused a huge syringe loaded up with purple bite the dust into my distending vein. Albeit easy, the power of this experience caused me to feel rather dazed. I wished there was somebody who thought enough about me to spare me, or to give me motivation to oppose and endeavor escape. In any case, there was nobody. They put a tight support upon my head to forestall any development of the head, which would disturb the filtering procedure. At that point ear covers were put over the support and onto my ears to overwhelm the strongly noisy humming of the machine in real life. I had a feeling that I was in a sort of daze as they lead me to the machine, there was finished quietness all through the entire procedure. The last time a word had been expressed was back in my bed-chamber. I truly yearned to be back in my little, hard bed, and for what was going on to be simply one more bad dream.

The Importance of Essay Topics For the Territorial Army Exam

The Importance of Essay Topics For the Territorial Army ExamThe territorial Army is a challenging unit for any instructor to teach, but students must take essay topics for territorial army exams seriously. As a territorial instructor, it is important that students understand the rigors of this type of exam, and how well they are prepared. Assessing a student's essay topics for the exam can be tricky, but there are a few things every student should keep in mind.Researching essay topics for a territorial exam can be an overwhelming task. But when properly done, writing essay topics for the exam is crucial. A good outline will give the instructor a solid direction for the student to follow, and aid in determining which essay topics to include in the class. It is important that students know exactly what kind of essay they should write before even starting the assignment. Students should also find out the grade their project will receive before completing the assignment.Exam season is ab out two months before the semester starts. This is the best time to begin preparing for the test. The instructor will assign the students a different topic each semester, and you can decide what you want to write about for your next assignment. While studying for your written essay, pay attention to what each of the topics are. Knowledge about the topics that are to be covered will give students a clear idea of how they are going to approach the assignment.It is not only the instructor who provides guidance for essay topics for the exam. Throughout the semester, students will meet with their classmates, instructors, and fellow instructors. You can also receive advice from these individuals, so use this opportunity to get to know your classmates. You can glean valuable information from other students' essay topics for the territorial exam, and this will help you create a better topic for your own course.Preparing essay topics for the territorial exam is an important part of being a g ood teacher. In order to prepare for the exam, the instructor will provide a list of topics for the essay. The list should include at least five to ten topics, and you should be able to choose five to ten from the list to write about. Essay topics for territorial army exams will vary, depending on the unit and its unique challenges. Topics such as Desert Rangers and Devastating Counterattack, for example, will differ from one military unit to another.As your students begin to take a look at the different military units, they will soon realize the true complexities of the job. Each essay topic for the exam will be different, and the uniqueness of each topic must be analyzed before starting to write. Knowing which subjects you can write about and which subjects you cannot is the most important thing you can learn when taking essay topics for the territorial exam.No assignment can be written about without a proper outline. When writing an outline, your aim is to provide the instructor with an outline of the topic and to go over the material at length. You should be able to determine what the teacher expects from you, and can be sure to do the necessary research to ensure the topic is current. Always include references, citations, and key points, and be sure to thoroughly define each term. Every student should make sure that every aspect of the essay topic is explained and remember to keep them simple.Choosing the correct essay topics for the territorial army exam is vital, because it is not easy to write about subjects that are new to you. Spending time researching the topic will ensure that you have a strong essay and knowing the boundaries of your assignment will help you focus on the overall quality of the paper.

Connor Surname Meaning and Origin

Connelly is a patronymic surname, the shortened form O’Connor, which in turn is an Anglicization of the Gaelic Ó Conchobhair or Ó Conchà ºir, meaning descendant of Conchobhar. The name Conchobhar is thought to mean lover of hounds, from the Gaelic con, meaning hound or wolf, and cobhair, aid, or desiring. The Connor name is also thought to denote strength and leadership, from conn, meaning wisdom, strength, counsel, plus cobhair. The OConnors descend from several distinct royal Irish families and clans; they are from Clare, Derry, Galway, Kerry, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo and the province of Ulster. CONNOR is one of 50 common Irish surnames of modern Ireland. Surname Origin: Irish Alternate Surname Spellings: CONNER, CONOR, OCONNOR, OCONOR, COUROY, CON, CONE, CONNE, KONNOR Famous People with the Surname CONNOR: Sandra Day OConnor - former U.S. Supreme Court justiceRoger Connor - American baseball Hall of FamerFlannery OConnor - American writerSinà ©ad OConnor - Irish singer-songwriter Genealogy Resources for the Surname CONNOR and OCONNOR British Surname Profiler - Distribution of the Connor Surname: Trace the geography and history of the Connor surname through this free online database based on a University College London (UCL) project investigating the distribution of surnames in Great Britain, both current and historic.Connor Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Connor surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Connor surname query.FamilySearch - CONNOR Genealogy: Find historical records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Connor surname and its variations.CONNOR Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Connor surname.Cousin Connect - CONNOR Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Connor, and sign up for free notification when new Connor queries are added.DistantCousin.com - CONNOR Genealogy Family History:  Free databases and genealogy links f or the last name Connor.

The Potential Treatment of Alzheimers Disease Through CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1821 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? Named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer who discovered the disease in 1906, Alzheimers disease is the progressive deterioration of the brain that slowly destroys cognitive function. While some treatments exist to alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimers disease, there is no cure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Potential Treatment of Alzheimers Disease: Through CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing" essay for you Create order Considering that researchers have studied the disease for over 100 years, making steps toward finding a cure is urgent. With evidence for the potential risk and protective factors of Alzheimers disease, dementia, and cognitive decline, researchers are now looking at gene editing as a solution. The CRISPR-Cas9 system, is an inexpensive, yet powerful, tool used by researchers to alter DNA sequences and gene function that has already shown promise in other neurological disorders. Through gene editing, the CRISPR-Cas9 system would go beyond the temporary lessening of Alzheimers diseases symptoms and potentially prevent or stop the depreciation of the brain by targeting associated genes and correcting genetic defects. When examining the applications of CRISPR-Cas9, however, it is important to factor in both the ethical concerns of using this biotechnology, including the extent to which CRISPR should be permitted and who should have access to this technology, and concerns of not using it. While the system presents many ethical concerns and lingering questions, CRISPR-Cas9 provides a revolutionary and much-needed potential solution to Alzheimers disease. In researching potential treatments for Alzheimers disease, it is necessary to examine both types: early onset and late onset.1 Early-onset Alzheimers disease, also called familial Alzheimers disease (FAD), occurs in people between the ages of 30 and 60 and represents less than 10% of all cases. FAD has a strong genetic component caused by mutations on chromosomes 1, 14, and 21.6 Mutations on chromosome 1 lead to the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and those on 14 and 21 lead to the formation of abnormal presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and abnormal presenilin 2 (PSEN2) respectively. Late onset Alzheimers disease occurs in patients over the age of 60 and represents over 90% of all Alzheimers cases. In addition to genetic factors, lifestyle and environmental factors such heart and metabolic conditions also contribute to this type of Alzheimers disease. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, particularly the APOE e4 allele is associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimers. Theref ore, in order to cure Alzheimers disease, these genes should be targeted specifically, yet there is no guarantee this will be a solution given the impact of environmental factors. Plaques and tangles are the two neurobiological markers of Alzheimers disease as opposed to dementia. Plaques are clumps of amyloid beta protein, which is derived from APP cleaved by beta secretase and gamma secretase, that breakdown brain cells by disrupting cell communication. Brain cells use an internal support and transport system that transports essential nutrients and materials. This system requires the normal structuring and function of a protein, tau. In Alzheimers Disorder, tau protein threads tangle abnormally inside brain cells, damage the transport system, and contribute to the death of brain cells. The problem, however, is that the presence of plaques and tangles, to confirm Alzheimers disease, can only be observed in an autopsy after death. Despite this, the accumulation of the Amyloid Beta protein can now be seen in PET scans as early as 15-20 years before symptoms are present, leaving a large potential therapeutic window.4 In order to properly treat the neurobiologica l markers of Alzheimers, and take advantage of preventative and disease reversal treatment, the ability to diagnose plaques and tangles is essential. Symptomatic treatment drugs are divided into two main categories: cholinesterase inhibitors and NMADA receptor antagonists. The first mechanism is used in classical drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors, prescribed for mild to moderate cases, that attempt to slow down the Alzheimers disease by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are three cholinesterase inhibitors.8 The drug Memantine is a NMDA (N-methyl-D-asparte) receptor antagonist and is used for moderate to severe cases. Memantine protects brain cells against excess glutamate, a chemical messenger released by damaged Alzheimers cells that usually attaches to NMDA receptors and results in a cell-damaging over-exposure of calcium. Despite much research and efforts, there remain no options for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimers disease. There are currently three common gene editing tools available, including Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effectors nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). In particular, CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) is the most attractive option because it is faster, cheaper, more accurate, and more efficient than any other existing methods. CRISPR technology is adapted from naturally occurring defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea. Organisms use CRISPR derived RNA and Cas proteins like Cas9 to stop the attacks of invader viruses by chopping up their DNA. These components are then transferred into another organism to perform gene editing by cutting DNA and tricking a cells natural DNA repair mechanisms to complete a desired change. In particular, Cas9 is directed to cut a region of DNA, fusing crRNA, that is specific to the DNA target, and tracRNA to create a single guide RNA that consists of a small pre-designed RNA sequence. The cells natural repair mechanisms introduce changes in the genome and repair the Cas9 induced double strand breaks. Insertions and deletions (INDELS) may be introduced to disrupt gene function. Science is now turning towards using CRISPR-Cas9 for Alzheimers disease after successful trials for Huntingtons disease, a different neurological disorder. Researchers were able to successfully edit out the faulty region of the mutant HTT gene in an in vivo mice model using cells derived from patient samples using the technique. There is clear potential for the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in correcting the autosomal-dominant mutations of PSEN1 and PSEN2 in early-onset Alzheimers disease models. This is supported by the fact that CRISPR-Cas9 was recently used to correct the PSEN2 autosomal mutations in iPSC-derived neurons. In addition, CRISPR/Cas-9 was used to knock out the Swedish APP mutation in patients. There is also evidence that CRISPR/Cas9 is a useful technology in treating late-onset Alzheimers. A recent, although not formally published study, shows proof that CRISP/Cas9 can be used to control the amyloid pathway attenuating cleavage and A production, while up-regulating the neuroprotective a- cleavage. This APP editing, by targeting the C-terminus region, was proven to be effective in various human neurons and mouse cells. Lastly, research shows that CRISP/Cas9 can be used to convert the APOe4 allele, which is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease, to an APOe3 allele to lower this risk. Ethical and social issues regarding the use of CRISPR in people are centered around philosophical and safety dilemmas. The philosophical arguments question whether or not CRISPR should be used to alter germ-line cells, in human embryos, that would be passed on to the next generation. In addition, there is a fear that this technology will lead to the creation of designer babies. Recently in a 2015 Napa Valley meeting, a leading group of CRISPR-Cas9 developers, scientists, and ethicists met to discuss the ethical limits of CRISPR systems. Shortly after, a multidisciplinary committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine published a report that favored somatic genome editing, but not for any kind of enhancement. In terms of safety, CRISPR is a relatively new technology and much of its effects continue to be unknown. Some are worried that the technology could still be more accurate and that unknown genetic changes could be occurring with unforeseen consequences . For example, it is important to ensure that the disruptions of the DNA occur in the mutant gene and not in the wild-type allele. While accuracy could be considered an issue, CRISPR technology is advances at such a rapid pace that technical limitations should be of minimal concern. The consequence of editing a gene in germline may be unclear and unpredictable because the interaction of genetic information and biological phenotypes is not clear, however. And, considering that Alzheimers has many environmental factors adds to this concern. Another moral and ethical consideration, however, is not engaging in genome editing considering the tremendous social and economic cost of Alzheimers. Alzheimers disease currently affects 5.5 million Americans and this number is expected to triple by 2050 due to a growing and aging population. In addition, it is the third leading cause of death among Americans only trailing heart disease and cancer. $259 billion are going towards managing Alzheimers in the United States today, and this cost is expected to reach $1.2 trillion in 2050 which would bankrupt the entire health care system. Therefore, Alzheimers disease not only affects a large portion of the population due to the large number of those diagnosed, but is an economic burden to everyone. As a result, some may consider not using CRISPR unethical because continuing without a solution is detrimental to everyones health. In addition to Alzheimers as a social challenge due to economic cost, the progression of symptoms presents a social challenge to both those diagnosed and those around them. Mild Alzheimers disease is characterized with symptoms such as wandering and getting lost, trouble managing expenses, repeating questions, taking a longer time to complete everyday tasks, and personality changes. Moderate Alzheimers disease damages areas of the brain that control language, reasoning, sensory processing, memory, and conscious thought, causes patients to have hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia, and makes them unable to recognize friends and family.1 Patients with severe Alzheimers cannot communicate with others and are completely dependent another person as their bodies completely shut down.1 These changes may frustrate the patient and be hard to comprehend for others. Tasks that were always handled by the diagnosed, will now have to be taken care of by someone else. The slow deterioration of b odily function can be difficult to watch especially when so much assistance is required, causes emotional pain, and tension from economic burden making any solution worth it. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has the ability to target just about any gene and can do so more efficiently and effectively than any other current gene-editing mechanism. In doing so, however, there needs to be both clear cut guidelines reflecting the ethical use of CRISPR/Cas9 as well assufficient research regarding a disease in order to ensure that gene-mutation has an effective outcome. In the case of Alzheimers disease, there needs to be an accurate method of diagnosis, considering that a significant number of diagnosis are mistaken as Alzheimers disease instead oftreatable conditions such as depression, vitamin deficiencies, and hypothyroidism.3 In addition, the particular genetic risks leading to both early and late onset Alzheimers disease need to be made clear.Regulations need to be put in place protecting the life-saving aspect of CRISPR, rather than its cosmetic potential, and should require deep reasoning especially when consideringgremlins gene editing. Despite risks, urgency mus t also take precedent. Whether CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing realizes itself as a therapeutic tool in treating Alzheimers is in the hands of researchers, this kind of treatment, with sufficient regulation, will prove revolutionary as these symptoms not only impair the person with the disease, but also disable the lives of their family and friends.

Relationship Between Individual Interests And Collective...

Olson states the purpose of a group is to further the interests of its members. (Olson, 1965; 5) This is not a new idea; Aristotle believes â€Å"men journey together with a view to particular advantage†¦ providing some particular thing needed for the purposes of life, and similarly the political association†¦ for the sake of the general advantages it brings†. (Ethics, VIII.9.1160A) Olson notes particular instances of this, for example, Labour Unions are expected to strive for higher wages and better working conditions. (Olson, 1965; 6) He talks of the relationship between individual interests and collective interests; all the members of a labour union have a common interest in higher wages, but each worker has a unique interest in his personal†¦show more content†¦Each firms’ interest are also contrasting; the more one firms sell, results in a lower the price for the other firms. While each firm has a common interest in a higher price, they have oppo sed interest where output is concerned. In order to illustrate this, Olson makes some assumptions; he assumes price (P) exceeds marginal cost (MC) and that P is inelastic. As P MC, output will increase, and as output increases all firms increase production so price falls. The industry demand curve is inelastic meaning Total Revenue (TR) of the industry will decline. Ultimately, when PMC, output is increased but each firm gets a smaller profit. (Ibid, 9) Alternatively, each firm can increase output to the point that P=MC and so ignore the effects of its extra output on the industry. It can do this because in perfect competition, each firm is so small that it can ignore the effects of output on price. The firm will get only a small part of the benefit from reducing the firm’s output; although the firm is worse off, it has maximised profits. (Ibid, 9) However, if the firms in an industry are maximising profits, the profits for the industry as a whole will reduce. The firms have a common interest in a higher price for the industry’s product yet it is in the interest of each firm that the other firms pay the necessary cost of reduction in output, which is needed to obtain a higher price. (REFERENCE) As no firm wants to do this, outside intervention is the only way ofShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication Essay569 Words   |  3 Pagesis usually because you do not know the context information internally and because cl ose relationships cannot be created in an instant. Low context cultures are fairly easy to enter, even if you are an outsider; the information you need to participate is available, relationships form quicker, and because the most important thing you’re doing here, is to accomplish a task not find your way into a relationship. Every culture and every situation has its high and low points; some situations may evenRead MoreProblems Facing Trade Unions in Kenya845 Words   |  4 PagesCollective bargaining generally includes negotiations between the two parties (employees’ representatives and employer’s representatives). Collective bargaining consists of negotiations between an employer and a group of employees that determine the conditions of employment. Often employees are represented in the bargaining by a union or other labor organization. The result of collective bargaining procedure is called the collective bargaining agreement (CBA). Collective agreements m ay be in theRead More The Social Construction of Workers’ Collectivism1655 Words   |  7 Pageslargely on increased member participation, generating and maintaining strong collective identities and mobilization of union resources. It was further contended that collective identities are not given, but constructed and sustained through narrative framing and engagement of individuals. These processes highlighted the importance of trade union leaders’ ability to construct and sustain workers’ collective identity and interest via strategies which seek to broaden the relevancy of trade unionism. InRead MoreCollective Action Problems And Solutions Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesCollective Action Problems Incentives Required For Individuals to Work Together Collective action problems arise in politics because as individuals we are conflicted between our own interest and the interest of the group. Our choice is either to be selfish or cooperate with the group. â€Å"It involves building, combining, mixing, and amalgamating people’s individual goals† (Lowi, et al. 13). There are three main theories as to why collective action problems exist. 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His 135 Week 9 Final Project free essay sample

History 135 Week 9 Final Project: â€Å"The Most Significant Events†: When most people are taught about U. S. history, we think of mostly the bad times like the wars, the civil rights movements, President Kennedy’s and M. L. King Jr’s associations, just to name a few. In this paper I will discuss those and more going into the start of the 21st century. The previous five decades consisting of the 1950s into the millennium happened during the U. S. History equally turbulent, but exciting. There also were numerous transformations within social, governmental, plus technological sections, but the WWII era currently seems rather prehistoric. Since the 1950s America has experienced major cultural transformations, starting with four main military disagreements, accelerated technological advancements, new but dangerous diseases, also one president resigns from office instead of facing impeachment or prison, then collapse to the Soviet Union, also numerous economic challenges. The United States was winning the WWII war, also some ensuing economic growth and political circumstances forced the United States in the spotlight. America had money and predictably assisted other countries, while developing their own troubles on the home front, increasing troubles socially plus economically. Numerous big trends happened throughout the 1950’s, ranging from the Cold War amidst America and the Soviet Union grew, and then the Korean War brought America to a new global war, although tensions intensified in â€Å"Egypt with the Suez Canal disaster,† and the Cuban Revolution between Castro and the people, then the United States went through some confused moments with the Anti-Communist viewpoints, and the Senator J. McCarthy’s allegations. (Halberstam, 1994). The Civil Rights Movement, in the 1950s, did have some rather impressive improvements. These improvements occurred not because of an individual person or single group, but of a movement that seemed to unite and solidify even through adversity. Possibly it was the best time cause, Blacks had served in World War II, exposing some White Americans to race issues for the first time; the country was centered on anti-communism, so race may have taken a back seat. It is also important to remember that it was not only brave African Americans who led the fight for justice, but college students and religious leaders of many races. In fact, these activities often employed legal challenges, civil protests, and other initiatives to bring the issue of racism into the living rooms of middle-class Americans. Not every African Americans agreed with the manner in which the struggle should be made: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was a primary advocate of peaceful change† reasonable dialog, and taking the arguments of Thoreau and Gandhi to heart. King believed if enough people purposely broke, albeit peacefully, unjust laws and actions, those laws would fail. (Morris,1986, 30-44, 58-89). In contrast, though, as millions of African Americans migrated from the rural South to the North and West seeking new and better jobs, they demanded higher pay and a more democratic systems. This, combined with more mechanization of agriculture in the South, moved the African American into wider dispersion throughout the country. It is also interesting to note that most Americans and politicians supported the decolonization of the African nations and equal government and rights for those populations but then in their own backyard had differing views. Legal challenges were plentiful with the largely recognized was the 1954 verdict on Brown versus Board of Education, and the U. S. Supreme Court administered â€Å"segregated schools unconstitutional. † In refusing anyone the right to an education, the Court said, many institutions in the South were refusing basic Constitutional rights guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. (See: http://brownvboard. org/summary). Although, the ruling was a major victory, when, in 1957 the Little Rock Arkansas School District was commanded to desegregate; and its Governor Fabus refused, arguing that the States had the right to administer their schools. In the Fall of 1957, Fabus called out the National Guard to prevent African Americans from entering Little Rock High School and media coverage in its infancy, and Americans were not surprised to seeing white adults in crowds attacking Black children. As the world’s eyes are observing the United States and President Eisenhower desperate to regain control over the U. S. , and Federal Troops were called in to protect African Americans, and Governor Fabus closed the schools in 1958 and 1959. Still, the Movement accentuated the idea of peaceful coexistence and the establishment of legal authority for members of all races. What maybe made the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s so significant is not essentially what battles were won but what training had been done as the decade drew to a close. (Jackson, 2006). If the 1950s were traditional politically, and filled with media images of the perfect family, despite the turmoil of the Civil Rights Movement, the 1960s were anything but peaceful. The 1960s were especially unique in that so many children had been born in the years after WWII that now, in the 60s, they were becoming of age, thus the 60s are also known as the Age of Youth. Several general trends characterize the era: a vast counterculture and social revolution, typically youth rebelling like never before; increased attention to civil rights, feminism, the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement at home; more prevalence of illegal drugs; increasing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and China; new experiments in music, dance, and the arts; and several international and national assassinations that changed the course of political history. This was also the era of vast social and political upheavals, riots, demonstrations, sit-ins, opt outs, and a clear counter culture that turned away from mainstream materialism and into a new sexual revolution questioning authority, societies, government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women, minorities, sexual minorities, and above all, the end of the Vietnam War. (Gitlin,1993). As the world’s eyes are observing the United States and President Eisenhower who was desperate to regain control over the States, Federal Troops were chosen in to protect African Americans, and Governor Fabus closed the schools in 1958 and 1959. Still, the Movement accentuated the idea of peaceful coexistence and the establishment of legal authority for members of all races. What possibly made the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s so important is not necessarily what battles were won but what preparations were made as the decade drew to a close. (Jackson, 2006). If the 1950s were conservative politically, and filled with media images of the perfect family, despite the turmoil of the Civil Rights Movement, the 1960s were anything but peaceful. The 1960s were especially unique in that so many children had been born in the years after WWII that now, in the 60s, they ere becoming of age, thus the 60s are also known as the Age of Youth. Several general trends characterize the era: a vast counterculture and social revolution, typically youth rebelling like never before; increased attention to civil rights, feminism, the new left, and the Latino and Chicano movement; the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement at home; more prevale nce of illegal drugs; increasing tensions between the West and the Soviet Bloc and China; new experiments in music, dance, and the arts; and several international and national assassinations that changed the course of political history. This was also the era of vast social and political upheavals, riots, demonstrations, sit-ins, opt outs, and a clear counter culture that turned away from mainstream materialism and into a new sexual revolution questioning authority, societies, government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women, minorities, sexual minorities, and above all, the end of the Vietnam War (Gitlin,1993). Though for numerous people, it was the Vietnam War, roughly 1959-1975 that characterized the 1960s. The history of the war is complex, but essentially the conflict was fought between South Vietnam, and North Vietnam. The war was essentially a guerilla war fought between pro and anti-communist forces. The problem was who could tell who was communist and who was not. The United States and its allies entered the war under the pretence of preventing the takeover of South Vietnam as part of a wider strategy to contain communism. Some planners at the time used the analogy the domino effect to describe what they believed would happen if one country after another fell to community rule. An instance of what was forecasted was complicated by President Eisenhower as early in 1954; â€Å"Finally, you have broader considerations that might follow what you would call the falling domino principle. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences. † (Domino theory, news conference,1954) As the war had accelerated throughout the early part of presidency of John F. Kennedy, possibly was appropriate to his view that unless a strong ine was drawn, the Soviet Union would continue to exert its authority and power. Though, the quality of the South Vietnamese military was poor, and unlike the North Vietnamese military, had corruption, poor leadership, and an incompetent government made it all but impossible to fight a modern war with any hope of winning (McNamara, 1996, 3-20). A fter the assignation of President Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson was more disturbed with issues at home, his Great Society than the war in Asia. Of course, though, the war intensified, demanding increasingly extra American troops and dollars to be sent to the area and escalation throughout the decade. In November 1967 General Westmoreland focused his efforts on a public relations tour to bolster support for the War, but found the public apathetic at best no one could really understand the reason for a war in Southeast Asia, let alone understand a war that seemed as if American was not really trying to win. (McNamara,1996,45-90). Culturally, still the effects on the U. S. social framework were great deals. The Army became almost demoralized, some generals saying, we never knew our friends or our enemies. Tactics became a political basketball, and the success rate was low even at the best of times. Veterans returning to the U. S. after duty were rarely celebrated, and believed they had been alienated from their country and confused regarding why they had even been in Vietnam. Again, even Henry Kissinger noted that the U. S. military was not really suited to this kind of war. Similarly, the financial burden of the War called political judgment into question; doubts were rife about the tactics, and ever decision was analyzed on the nightly news, with most Americans believing that we simply did not belong there, (Davidson, 1991). More than anything, the Vietnam War emphasized what was wrong on the home front and that a superpower was not always a superpower tremendous might would not always prevail. From the turbulent 60s we move into the confusing 1970s a decade of change, healing, economic downturns, dishonesty at the highest stages of government, greater dependence on foreign steel and oil, but a more mature focus on political and social equality. Japans economy boomed but much of the West, heavily dependent upon Arab oil, suffered an economic recession. Vietnam was finally ended; with a peace accord that left little doubt America did not win the war. The U. S. became entangled in the conflicts in the Middle East but could not really get its own house in order. Environmentalism, Feminism, and even more focus on Civil Rights were part of this decade, with many positive steps in integrating women and minorities into previously closed aspects of society. The counterculture was aging, and there was still a great deal of discontent, both America and Europe were moving to the Right politically and culturally (Burns, 2005). The Presidential Crisis of Richard Nixon, which seemed to shape the way the world viewed America in the 1970s. The so-called Watergate Affair encompassed a number of secret, and illegal, activities sanctioned by President Nixon or his aids. In brief, Nixon hired some underlings to break into the Democratic Party Headquarters on June 17, 1972. They were tasked to gather secret information to be used against the Democrats in the upcoming election. Watergate despite, became a figure of the numerous scandals that were uncovered by reporters from â€Å"The Washing Post† and numerous newspapers. Nixon, of course, downplayed the scandal, but when tapes of conversations were found, it became clear that Nixon himself had accepted illegal campaign contributions, and had harassed opponents with Presidential powers, and abused his position in office as well as his duty toward the Constitution. (Stans, 1978). Nixon continued to deny his involvement, stating to the nation in November, 1973: â€Å"People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I’m not a crook. I’ve earned everything I’ve got. †( Kilpatrick,1973-11-18). Nixon Tells Editors, Im Not a Crook. (The Washington Post, 1973) Nevertheless, in May 1974, the Congressional House Judiciary Committee opened public impeachment hearing against President Nixon. Practical to the end, Nixon realized he had lost political and public support, and that it was certain he would be impeached and likely convicted and imprisoned. Instead, he resigned the Presidency on August 9, 2974, after making an impassionate television address to the public. Nixon never admitted to any wrongdoing, but later said he might have had errors in judgment. (Kutler, 1992: 167-72). As a result of Watergate, Nixon was disbarred by the State of New York, and because he would admit no wrongdoing, he resigned all his law licenses. On September 8, 1974, however, he was pardoned unconditionally by his successor, President Gerald Ford, thus ending any possibility of a future indictment. The pardon was, of course, quite controversial and many claimed it was part of a secret deal made in payment for Nixon’s resignation. The 1980s are now known as the Age of Reagan Conservatism, after the two terms in office of Ronald Reagan, former Hollywood actor and Governor of California. Globally, economies boomed, both production and Western culture moved to the 2nd and 3rd worlds, while the Western democracies saw a huge revival of conservatism with Margaret Thatcher in Britain, Reagan in the United States, Helmut Kohl in German, and Brian Mulroney in Canada. Yes, there was war in the Middle East, and the Arab-Israeli conflict continued. In China, reformers protested in Tiananmen Square, in the USSR a new policy of openness was popularized by Gorbachev, and in Eastern Europe a succession of dictatorial regimes toppled due to lack of financial support from the USSR. In fact, may social historians believe that one of the legacies of the Reagan years was his insistence upon military spending to literally bankrupt the Russian economy (White, 1999). But it was not just Reagan’s foreign policy that characterized this era. Instead, a now popular term called Reaganomics’ has come to be the epitome of the U. S. economy in the 1980s. There are four major pillars of this plan, which was designed to cut back on domestic spending and increase military funding. ) Reduce any non-military governmental spending, 2) Reduce tax rates on income from labor and capital, 3) Reduce governmental regulation on the economy, and 4) Control the money supply and reduce inflation. (Wilentz, 2008: 174). The legacy of the Reagan years showed that when he became president the country was experiencing a high rate of inflation and unemployment by the time he left office, the economy was stimulated, unemployment down, inflation down but, the national debt tripled, leaving also a legacy of debt (Greenspan,2007). Transitioning from the legacy of Reagan, one of the seminal events of the 1990s was the Fall of the Soviet Union, the Eastern Communists, and the end of the Cold War. America made huge leaps technologically, free-market capitalism was now common in more developing countries; racial and gender prejudice became the exception, and, after 165 of British Colonial Rule, Hong Kong was transferred to the jurisdiction of the People’s Republic of China. United States was involved in the 1991 Gulf War, as well as the North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994 creating a free trade zone encompassing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The dominant political figure of the 1990s in America was Bill Clinton, and his attempts to broker peace in the Middle East, in the former Yugoslavia, and a focus on globalization left America in a world-leadership role once again. (Kallen,1998). It was, though, the end of the Cold War that finally cemented the move toward greater globalization, peace and prosperity, and less of a focus on militarization and the climate of fear. In brief, by the time Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant, if not in shambles. He realized he needed to do deep structural changes, but also knew that he needed to move towards peace with the U. S. , and a lessened burden on the Soviet GNP for spending on the military. Through a series of summit talks, the arms race was scaled back, and by 1989 the Soviet alliance system had collapsed, Poland became free, and the era of communism was officially over when the USSR was officially dissolved on Christmas Day 1991 (Gaddis,1994). The legacy of the Cold War, however, remains with us even today. Countless billions of dollars and millions of lives were shed in the name of protecting the Communism, Socialism, Capitalism. Without a doubt, the politics of post-World War II helped define America’s policeman role in world politics, and even in 1989 had military alliances with over 50 countries and 1. 5 million troops posted in 117 countries (Gaddis, 1994). While there has been a new era of economic growth and partnership with the West in some former communist countries, the Russian Republic continues to face challenges with its ethnic minorities, its criminal element, and deciding its place in the world. The question now people are asking is if the world will make it through the year of 2010 and then into year 2012. Some futurologists predicting the future say that if we live past 2012 and beyond are very uncertain. Certainly, the rapidity of technological change will continue to have a major impact both in America and abroad. The conflicts in the Middle East have depended, and seem to have stagnated with no end in sight. It will be imperative that the United States divest itself from dependence on foreign oil, and thus the need to be constantly involved in the affairs of he Middle East. Cyclically, it appears that America is headed for a recessionary period huge amounts of credit card and bad-real estate debt have crippled the economy, as well as placed resources in very precarious positions. That said, however, we are on the brink of possibly electing the first African American President, we have a female Speaker of the House, and numerous racial, sexual, and ethnic minorities in high positions in the military, government, and private sector. As we have seen, the one constant is change, and change we will perhaps not in the direction futurists describe but clearly, in a rapid direction of egalitarianism and a philosophy of global cooperation. References: www. brownvboard. org â€Å"The Future of American Power† http://www. foreignaffairs. org/20080501facomment87303/fareed-zakaria/the-future-of-american- power. html â€Å"What is the economic future of the United States? † http://www. kuro5hin. org/story/2005/5/21/54452/0829 http://www. historyplace. om/speeches/ford. htm www. watson. org Burns, Bree, (2005), America In The 1970s, Facts on File. Davidson, Philip, (1991), Vietnam At War: The history: 1946-1975, Oxford University Press. Gaddis, John Lewis, (1994), The U. S. and the End of the Cold War, Oxford University Press. Gitlin, Todd (1993), The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage, Bantam. Halberstam, David, (1994), The Fifties, Ballantine. Jackso n, Thomas F. (2006), From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Struggle For Economic Justice, University of Pennsylvania Press. Kallen, Stuart. (1998), A Cultural History of the United States: The 1990s, Lucent Books. Kutler, Stanley (1992), Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon, WW Norton. McNamara, Robert, (1996), In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, Vintage Press. Morris, Aldon, (1986), Origins of the Civil Rights Movement. Free Press. Stans, Maurice H. (1978) The Terrors of Justice: The Untold Side of Watergate, W. Clement Stone. Kilpatrick, Carroll (1973-11-18). Nixon Tells Editors, Im Not a Crook'. The Washington Post. White, Anne, (1999), Democratization in Russia Under Gorbachev, 1985-91, Palgave McMillan. Wilentz, Sean. (2008), The Age of Reagan: A History, Harper. Greenspan, Alan, (2007) The Age of Turbulence, Penguin Press. (First add your own TITLE Page to this paper. Also a little tip: Make the conclusion a stronger one and shorten the information of the paragraphs, and you should have a great paper. These References are not in the complete order of â€Å"APA† style. ) I received a grade point of 240 for this paper for the course of â€Å"HIS/135. † Complete course description: â€Å"The American Experience Since 1945 (AXIA). †